Collaboration In The Quest To Contain Cancer

Source: forbes.com Author: Thomas Stossel This year's Lasker Foundation annual prize for medical breakthroughs--the American version of the Nobel Prize--recognizes a breakthrough cancer treatment that has revolutionized chemotherapy, a "targeted therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia." But more symbolic--and no doubt controversial--was to whom the prize was awarded: two academic scientists and a former drug company employee. Ironically, the treatment probably shouldn't exist. Only 3,000 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients are diagnosed in the U.S. every year, a population usually thought too small to justify the hundreds of millions of dollars that companies must spend to develop new medicines. That the therapy exists at all is a testament to the dedication of our research community and the vital collaboration between academic and commercial scientists. The Lasker prize for CML is viewed as the first practical payoff from decades of research attempting to understand why some cells deviate from their normal programming to become life-threatening cancer. It has long been known that cancer cells multiply and spread wildly to destroy healthy tissues. The research that led to the new treatment revealed that in cancer cells a component of the signaling system controlling cell behavior performs autonomously, like a traffic light permanently set on green, instructing cells to multiply and uncontrollably invade nearby tissues. Researchers speculated that by shutting down the abnormal signals (switching the light from green to red) cancer cells, lacking the key signal to multiply, would behave normally. This approach is a radical departure from 50 years of cancer treatment [...]

Analysis of cellphone studies finds tumor risk

Source: www.latimes.com Author: Shari Roan Scientists looking at 23 studies involving almost 38,000 people initially see no connection. But a closer look at the highest-quality studies tells another story. The answer to the question of whether cellphones increase the risk of brain, head and neck tumors is truly a matter of whom you ask. An analysis published Tuesday of data from 23 epidemiological studies found no connection between cellphone use and the development of cancerous or benign tumors. But when eight of the studies that were conducted with the most scientific rigor were analyzed, cellphone users were shown to have a 10% to 30% increased risk of tumors compared with people who rarely or never used the phones. The risk was highest among those who had used cellphones for 10 years or more. "The other group of 15 studies were not as high-quality," said study coauthor Joel M. Moskowitz, director of the UC Berkeley Center for Family and Community Health. "They either found no association or a negative association or a protective effect -- which I don't think anyone would have predicted." The main message of the analysis, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, is that studies should be conducted so that findings are harder to refute, he said. In recent years, concerns have arisen that the radio-frequency energy emitted by cellphones may be high enough to cause tumors and other health problems. But the risks are hotly debated. "I went into this really dubious that anything was going [...]

Incense linked to cancer

Source: www.cavalierdaily.com Author: Surabhi Bhatt Burning incense is an age-old practice in many cultures’ religious and spiritual ceremonies — especially in Asia — and its use has gained popularity in Western countries as well.  Researchers at the Statens Serum Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, however, have raised concerns about the possible health risks associated with long-term exposure to incense. Led by Dr. Jeppe T. Friborg of the Epidemiology Department, the study followed more than 61,000 cancer-free Singaporean Chinese men and women between the ages of 45 and 74 from 1993 to 2005.  Participants were asked to report on their average incense use in their homes, including how often they burned it and for how long.  During the study’s 12-year duration, 325 men and women developed cancer of the upper respiratory tract, such as nasal, oral or throat cancer.  Another 821 developed lung cancer. Although the overall risk of lung cancer was not found to increase with incense use, the study suggested that greater incense use can lead to a heightened risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, which is the second most common type of lung cancer. Some supporting evidence may be that the burning materials from which incense is derived — including oils and plant materials — have been found to produce potentially cancer-causing substances, including benzene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Friborg’s study, though, is the first to link long-term incense use to an increased risk of developing cancer.

Study questions whether or not HPV vaccination of boys is cost effective

Source: professional.cancerconsultants.com Author: staff Researchers from Harvard have reported that including boys in a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program may not be cost effective. The details of this study were published online in the British Medical Journal on October 8, 2009.[1] Human papillomaviruses are probably the sole cause of cancers of the cervix and have been associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, and rectum. Epidemiologic and molecular biology studies have also suggested that HPV infection may be associated with cancers of the head and neck. Gardasil® (Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus [Types 6, 11, 16, 18] Recombinant Vaccine) is already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers caused by HPV types 16 and 18; genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11; and precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in girls and young women nine through 26 years of age. Cervarix®, a human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine made by GlaxoSmithKline, will probably be approved by the U.S. FDA this year. Male HPV can lead to genital warts, penile cancer, perianal cancer, anal cancer, and head and neck cancer. In addition, it contributes to HPV infection in women and subsequent cervical disease, including cervical cancer. Although males can spread the virus, and many other countries have approved the HPV vaccine for use in males, it has not been approved for males in the United States. However, researchers from the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer [...]

Human papillomavirus infection and cancers of the oropharynx

Source: www.ajho.com Author: Robert Haddad, MD Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA The author was invited to contribute his thoughts on the topic of human papillomavirus and cancers of the oropharynx. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is a major public health problem, affecting nearly half a million individuals worldwide each year. These cancers can arise from the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx and larynx.1 Treatment of head and neck cancer is often multidisciplinary, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Patient symptoms can include a sore throat, ear pain, odynophagia, or hoarseness. Most patients will present with stage III or IV disease. The major risk factors are smoking tobacco and alcohol abuse. A large number of patients diagnosed with oropharynx cancer, however, have no history of smoking or drinking, and increasing epidemiological, molecular, and clinical evidence suggests that high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16, account for the development of these cancers.2-5 Most individuals are unaware of their infection and have no symptoms. HPV is one of the more common virus groups in the world, and more than 80 types of HPV have been identified. Some types (eg, HPV 6 and 11) are known to cause benign conditions such as genital warts, while other types (eg, HPV 16 and 18) are known to be associated with malignant, cancerous transformation. Although different types of HPV are known to infect different parts of the body, HPV usually infects the epithelial cells of skin and mucosa. The epithelial surfaces include all [...]

DNA test could be key to targeting treatments for head and neck cancer

Source: news.biocompare.com Author: staff It is estimated that more than 7,000 people are diagnosed with head and neck cancer each year in the UK and approximately 3,500 cases result in death. These cancers include tumours of the mouth, lips, throat and voice-box, and some have been linked to the sexually transmitted infection, HPV-16. Scientists at Liverpool analysed the DNA of more than 90 cancerous tissue samples to look for genes that indicated infection. The team found that nearly two thirds of tonsil tumour samples showed evidence of the HPV-16 gene. It is thought that chemical alterations in the virus's DNA trigger the production of proteins that can alter the rate at which cells grow and repair. This strongly increases the possibility of subsequent cancer development. Recent studies have found, however, that patients who have the HPV infection when they are diagnosed with cancer, respond better to chemotherapy or radiation therapy than those that do not have the infection. The work will be presented at the National Cancer Research Institute's (NCRI) Cancer Conference in Birmingham today. Mr Richard Shaw, from the School of Cancer Studies, explains: "Recent evidence demonstrates the possible involvement of HPV in the development of tonsil cancer, particularly in non-smokers. Interestingly, the treatment efficiency of chemotherapy and radiation, seems to differ between HPV positive and negative cases. We also need to find out why only a small percentage of people with this common infection develop this cancer. Our study, however, gives us a new lead towards a risk [...]

Scientists identify common HPV genotypes In Northern India, encourage vaccination

Source: www.sciencedaily.com Author: press release Although a wide spectrum of human papillomavirus is seen across the population of India, HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the most common types and a vaccination targeting these types could eliminate 75 percent of the cervical cancers in the region, according to data presented at the American Association for Cancer Research Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research Meeting. Cervical cancer caused by HPV is the most common cancer among Indian women, with an estimated 132,000 new cases and 74,000 deaths annually. "In terms of cancer death, India has one fourth of the global burden and when you standardize for age it is the highest in the world," said A. Raj Kumar Patro, a doctoral student in the Department of Microbiology at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi. "Most women present with an advanced state of the disease and compliance with treatment is very poor." To effectively vaccinate against HPV, scientists need a greater understanding of the genotype. More than 100 HPV genotypes have been identified in humans and at least 40 are found in the anogenital tract, which makes HPV a moving target. Patro and colleagues examined 106 women with invasive cervical cancer, 524 women with an unhealthy cervix and a community-based population of women who underwent HPV testing. Among the women with invasive cervical cancer, 83 percent were linked with HPV-16 or HPV-18. Of those who presented with an unhealthy cervix, 15.5 percent had HPV. HPV-16 and HPV-18 were associated with 34.3 [...]

CT characteristics of resolving ground-glass opacities in a lung cancer screening programme

Source: Eur J Radiol, October 3, 2009 Author: L Felix et al. Purpose: This study aimed at evaluating the computed tomography (CT) characteristics of resolving localized ground-glass opacities (GGOs) in a screening programme for lung cancer. Material and Methods: 280 patients at high-risk for lung cancer (221 men, 59 women; mean age, 58.6 years), divided into four groups (lung cancer history (n=83), head and neck cancer history (n=63), symptomatic (n=88) and asymptomatic (n=46) cigarette smokers), were included in a prospective trial with annual low-dose CT for lung cancer screening. We retrospectively reviewed all localized GGOs, analyzed the CT characteristics on initial CT scans and changes during follow-up (median 29.1 months). Variables associated with resolution of GGOs were tested using chi-square or Mann-Whitney tests. Results: A total of 75 GGOs were detected in 37 patients; 54.7% were present at baseline and 45.3% appeared on annual CT. During follow-up, 56.2% persisted and 43.8% disappeared. The resolving localized GGOs were significantly more often lobular GGOs (p=0.006), polygonal in shape (p=0.02), mixed (p=0.003) and larger (p<0.0001) than non-resolving localized GGOs. Conclusion: Localized GGOs are frequent and many disappeared on follow-up. CT characteristics of resolving GGOs show significant differences compared to persistent ones. This study emphasizes the importance of short-term CT follow-up in subjects with localized GGOs. Authors: L Felix, G Serra-Tosio, S Lantuejoul, J F Timsit, D Moro-Sibilot, C Brambilla, and G R Ferretti Authors' affiliation: Clinique Universitaire de Radiologie et Imagerie Médicale, Université Grenoble I, CHU Grenoble, France

Routine Oesophageal Screening Recommended for Patients Previously Treated for Head and Neck Cancer: Presented at AAO-HNSF

Source: Docguide.com By Kristina Rebelo SAN DIEGO -- October 12, 2009 -- Patients who have been treated for head and neck cancer (HNCA) should be screened for oesophageal pathologies about 3 months out whether they are symptomatic or not, according a poster presentation here October 4 at the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) Annual Meeting 2009. Oesophageal pathology is extremely common in patients who have been treated for HNCA, according to the researchers. "When we talk about HNCA, the 5-year survival rate for this cancer is 50%," Peter C. Belafsky, MD, Head and Neck Oncological Surgery, University of California at Davis, and the Voice and Swallowing Center, Davis, California, told DocGuide. "We took a look at the oesophagus in patients after treatment for head and neck cancer and we did oesophagoscopy and biopsy, as indicated, on all of them. We successfully performed the oesophagoscopy on all 100 patients without complication and we had only 13% of the entire cohort who had a normal examination." The study included 100 patients who had chemoradiation and underwent follow-up oesophagoscopy. Patient demographics, symptom surveys, treatments received, reflux medications prescribed and oesophageal findings were prospectively determined. Findings on oesophagoscopy included stricture (22%), candidiasis (9%), peptic oesophagitis (67%), Barrett's (8%), and new primary tumours -- 1 hypopharynx, 2 oesophageal, and 1 stomach (4%); 13% had a normal oesophagoscopy. The mean age of the cohort was 64 years and 74% were male. The mean time between the cessation of treatment and endoscopy was 40 [...]

2009-10-13T10:26:11-07:00October, 2009|Oral Cancer News|

Surgical scalpel sniffs out cancer

Source: www.technologyreview.com Author: Katherine Bourzac In the hope of helping oncologists remove every piece of tumor tissue during surgery, researchers are developing new imaging tools that work in real time in the operating room. European researchers have now demonstrated that a chemical analysis instrument called a mass spectrometer can be coupled with an electroscalpel to create a molecular profile of tissue during surgery. The researchers have shown that the method can be used to map out different tissue types and distinguish cancerous tissue. The device will begin clinical trials next month. "When a surgeon is performing cancer surgery, he doesn't have any direct information on where the tumor is," says Zoltán Takáts, a professor at Justus-Liebig University in Giessen, Germany. Instead, surgeons rely on preoperative imaging scans and on feedback from pathologists examining tissue biopsies under a microscope. "We want to provide a tool that's right in their hands, so that if they think a structure looks suspicious, they can just test it," says Takáts. Takáts realized that some surgical cutting tools, including electroscalpels, produce gaseous ions as a kind of waste product that are suitable for analysis with mass spectrometry. And these fumes, often called "surgical smoke," are already collected during surgery because they're harmful to the lungs. Takáts and his collaborators found that mass spectrometry of surgical smoke can be used to make a molecular map of a tumor. After the fumes are sucked into the mass spectrometer, the chemicals in the sample are identified and checked against [...]

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